Dependencies

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring, \(M\) be a finitely generated torsion \(A\)-module. The characteristic ideal of \(M\), denoted by \(\operatorname{char}_A(M)\), or simply \(\operatorname{char}(M)\) if there is no risk of confusion, is defined to be

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring. Let \(0\to M'\to M\to M''\to 0\) be a short exact sequence of finitely generated \(A\)-modules. Then \(M\) is \(A\)-torsion if and only if \(M'\) and \(M''\) are \(A\)-torsion. If \(M\) is \(A\)-torsion, then \(\operatorname{char}_A(M)=\operatorname{char}_A(M')\operatorname{char}_A(M'')\).

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring, \(M\) be a finitely generated torsion \(A\)-module. Then for any height one prime \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(A\), \(M_{\mathfrak {p}}\) is an \(A_{\mathfrak {p}}\)-module of finite length. Moreover, there are only finitely many height one primes \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(A\) such that \(M_{\mathfrak {p}}\neq 0\).

Let \(K\) be a number field, \(p\) be a prime, \(K_\infty /K\) be a \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension. Then there exist integers \(\lambda \geq 0,\mu \geq 0,\nu \) such that for all sufficiently large \(n\), \(\operatorname{ord}_p(\# {\mathrm{Cl}}(K_n))=\mu p^n+\lambda n+\nu \).

If \(X\) is a finitely generated \(\Lambda \)-module such that \(X/(\gamma ^{p^n}-1)X\) is finite for all sufficiently large \(n\), then \(X\) is \(\Lambda \)-torsion, and there exists some integer \(\nu \) such that for all sufficiently large \(n\),

Let \(e\geq 0\) be an integer. If \(X\) is a finitely generated \(\Lambda \)-module such that \(X/\nu _{n,e}X\) is finite for all sufficiently large \(n\geq e\), where

then \(X\) is \(\Lambda \)-torsion, and there exists some integer \(\nu \) such that for all sufficiently large \(n\),

Let \(G\) be a compact Hausdorff topological group, \(X\) be a closed abelian normal subgroup, \(G'\) be the closure of the commutator subgroup of \(G\). Suppose \(\Gamma =G/X\) is topological cyclic (hence is abelian) with a topological generator \(\gamma \), and there exists a subgroup \(I\) of \(G\) such that \(I\hookrightarrow G\twoheadrightarrow \Gamma \) is surjective. Then \(G'=\{ (\gamma \bullet x)x^{-1}\mid x\in X\} \).

\(X\) has a natural, well-defined \(\Gamma \)-action, given by \(\sigma \bullet x =\widetilde\sigma x\widetilde\sigma ^{-1}\) where \(\widetilde\sigma \in G\) is any lifting of \(\sigma \in \Gamma \).

If \(G\) is a topological group, \(X\) is a closed abelian normal subgroup, then \(\Gamma \times X\to X\), \((\sigma ,x)\mapsto \sigma \bullet x\) is continuous.

If \((A,{\mathfrak {m}},k)\) is a local ring, then a polynomial \(f(X)=\sum _{i=0}^na_iX^i\in A[X]\) is called a distinguished polynomial if \(a_n=1\) and \(a_i\in {\mathfrak {m}}\) for all \(0\leq i\leq n-1\).

(Mathlib: Polynomial.IsDistinguishedAt)

If \(K\) is any number field, \(K_\infty /K\) is any \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension, then \(K_\infty /K\) is ramified at at least one place, and there exists \(e\geq 0\) such that the \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension \(K_\infty /K_e\) is totally ramified (Definition 5.16).

A Noetherian ring \(A\) is called “height one localizations are PID”, if for any finitely many height one primes \({\mathfrak {p}}_1,\cdots ,{\mathfrak {p}}_r\) (\(r\geq 1\)) of \(A\), let \(S:=A\setminus \bigcup _{i=1}^r{\mathfrak {p}}_i\), then \(S^{-1}A\) is a PID.

Let \(A\) be a domain, \(S\) be a subset of \({\mathrm{Spec}}(A)\) such that \(A_{\mathfrak {p}}\) is integrally closed for all \({\mathfrak {p}}\in S\) and \(\bigcap _{{\mathfrak {p}}\in S}A_{\mathfrak {p}}=A\) inside \({\mathrm{Frac}}(A)\). Then \(A\) itself is integrally closed.

(Mathlib: IsIntegrallyClosed.of_localization.)

Let \((A,{\mathfrak {m}},k)\) be a complete local ring, \(g(X)=\sum _{i=0}^n a_iX^i\in A[X]\) be a polynomial such that \(a_n\in A\setminus {\mathfrak {m}}\) and \(a_i\in {\mathfrak {m}}\) for all \(i{\lt}n\). Then the natural map \(A[X]/(g)\to A[[X]]/(g)\) is an isomorphism.

Suppose \(K_\infty /K\) is totally ramified (Definition 5.16). Then \(K_{n+1}\cap L_n=K_n\). In particular, the natural maps \({\mathrm{Gal}}(K_{n+1}L_n/K_{n+1})\to {\mathrm{Gal}}(L_n/K_n)\) and \({\mathrm{Gal}}(K_\infty L_n/K_\infty )\to {\mathrm{Gal}}(L_n/K_n)\) are isomorphisms.

The Iwasawa algebra is defined as the completed group algebra

where the transition map \({\mathbb {Z}}_p[\Gamma _{n+1}]\to {\mathbb {Z}}_p[\Gamma _n]\) is induced by the natural projection \(\Gamma _{n+1}\to \Gamma _n\). Each \({\mathbb {Z}}_p[\Gamma _n]\) is a free \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-module of rank \(p^n\), we endow it with the \(p\)-adic topology, and endow \(\Lambda \) with the subspace topology of the product topology of \(\prod _{n=0}^\infty {\mathbb {Z}}_p[\Gamma _n]\).

There is an isomorphism of topological rings \({\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\xrightarrow \sim \Lambda \) sending \(1+T\) to \(\gamma \), where \({\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\) is endowed with \((p,T)\)-adic topology.

For each \(n\geq 0\), there is an isomorphism of \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-algebras

They are all free \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-modules of finite rank, we endow them with \(p\)-adic topology. By Proposition 4.2 we know that it is a homeomorphism of topological spaces.

(i) The \(\mu \)-invariant of \(X\) is defined to be \(\mu (X):=\sum _{j=1}^sn_j\), and the \(\lambda \)-invariant of \(X\) is defined to be \(\lambda (X):=\sum _{i=1}^mb_i\deg f_i\).

(ii) If \(f\in {\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\) is not zero, then define \(\mu (f)\) be the integer such that \(f\in p^{\mu (f)}{\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\) but \(f\notin p^{1+\mu (f)}{\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\), define \(\lambda (f)\) be the leading degree of \((p^{-\mu (f)}f\bmod p)\in {\mathbb {F}}_p[[T]]\).

We have \(\mu (X)=\sum _{i=0}^\infty \operatorname{rank}_{{\mathbb {F}}_p[[T]]}X[p^{i+1}]/X[p^i]\), and \(\lambda (X)=\operatorname{rank}_{{\mathbb {Z}}_p}X/X[p^\infty ]\).

An integral domain \(A\) is called a Krull domain if it satisfies the following properties:

• \(A_{\mathfrak {p}}\) is a discrete valuation ring for all height one primes \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(A\),

• \(A=\bigcap _{{\mathfrak {p}}\in {\mathrm{Spec}}(A),{\mathrm{ht}}({\mathfrak {p}})=1}A_{\mathfrak {p}}\) inside \({\mathrm{Frac}}(A)\),

• any nonzero element of \(A\) is contained in only a finitely many height one primes of \(A\).

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring. If \({\mathfrak {a}}=(a_1,\cdots ,a_n)\) is an ideal of \(A\) generated by \(n\) elements, and \({\mathfrak {p}}\) is a minimal prime over-ideal of \({\mathfrak {a}}\), then \({\mathrm{ht}}({\mathfrak {p}})\leq n\).

(Mathlib: Ideal.height_le_spanRank_toENat_of_mem_minimal_primes.)

Conversely, if \({\mathfrak {p}}\) is a prime ideal of \(A\) of height \(\leq n\), then there exists an ideal \({\mathfrak {a}}\) of \(A\) generated by \(n\) elements, such that \(\overline{\mathfrak {p}}\) is a minimal prime in \(A/{\mathfrak {a}}\).

(Mathlib: Ideal.exists_spanRank_eq_and_height_eq, Ideal.height_le_iff_exists_minimalPrimes.)

Any height \(1\) prime \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(\Lambda \) is principal. Moreover,

(i) If the generator of \({\mathfrak {p}}\) is in \(p{\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\), then we must have \({\mathfrak {p}}=(p)\).

(ii) If the generator of \({\mathfrak {p}}\) is not in \(p{\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\), then by Proposition 4.9 such \({\mathfrak {p}}\) has a unique generator which is an irreducible distinguished polynomial.

\(\Lambda \) is a Noetherian regular local ring of Krull dimension \(2\).

(We try to avoid this result but prove its consequences directly, since regular local ring is still WIP in mathlib.)

\(\Lambda \) is a UFD.

If \(X\) is a finitely generated torsion \(\Lambda \)-module, then there exists a pseudo-isomorphism

where \(f_1,\cdots ,f_m\) are irreducible distinguished polynomials. The characteristic ideal \(\operatorname{char}_\Lambda (X)\) is generated by \(p^{\sum _{j=1}^sn_j}\prod _{i=1}^mf_i^{b_i}\) which is contained in \(p^{\sum _{j=1}^sn_j}{\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\) but not in \(p^{1+\sum _{j=1}^sn_j}{\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\).

Let \(A\) be a ring, \({\mathfrak {a}}\) be an ideal of \(A\). Let \(M,N\) be two \(A\)-modules, and \(\varphi :M\to N\) be an \(A\)-module homomorphism. Then \(\varphi \) is continuous if we endow \(M,N\) with \({\mathfrak {a}}\)-adic topology.

In particular, if \(\varphi \) is an \(A\)-module isomorphism, then it is a homeomorphism of topological spaces if we endow \(M,N\) with \({\mathfrak {a}}\)-adic topology.

Each \(L_n\) is Galois over \(K\).

\(K_{n+1}L_n\subset L_{n+1}\). In particular, \(L_n\subset L_{n+1}\).

For a Noetherian local domain \(A\) of dimension one, the following are equivalent.

• \(A\) is integrally closed.

• The maximal ideal of \(A\) is principal.

• \(A\) is a discrete valuation ring.

• \(A\) is a regular local ring.

(Mathlib: IsDiscreteValuationRing.TFAE and tfae_of_isNoetherianRing_of_isLocalRing_of_isDomain.)

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring and \(M\) be a finitely generated \(A\)-module. Then there exists a chain of submodules of \(M\)

such that for each \(1\leq i\leq n\), \(M_i/M_{i-1} \cong A/{\mathfrak {p}}_i\) for some prime ideal \({\mathfrak {p}}_i\in {\mathrm{Spec}}(A)\).

A Noetherian ring is a Krull domain if and only if it is an integrally closed domain.

If \(M\) is a finite abelian group, \(p\) is a prime, let \(M(p)\) be the \(p\)-primary part of \(M\), which is the \(p\)-Sylow subgroup of \(M\), or the subgroup of \(M\) consisting of elements whose order is power of \(p\). By definition it is a subgroup of \(M\), and is also canonically a quotient group of \(M\).

Suppose \(\Lambda \cong {\mathbb {Z}}_p[[T]]\), \(X\) is a pro-\(p\) \(\Lambda \)-module, \(x_1,\cdots ,x_t\in X\) such that their images in \(X/TX\) generate \(X/TX\) as a \(\Lambda /(T)\)-module. Then \(x_1,\cdots ,x_t\) generate \(X\) as a \(\Lambda \)-module.

Suppose \(X\) is a finitely generated \(\Lambda \)-module of rank \(r\), then we have

as \(n\to \infty \).

If \(K\) is any number field, \(K_\infty /K\) is any \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension, and \({\mathfrak {l}}\) is a prime of \(K\) not above \(p\) (in particular, an infinite place). Then \({\mathfrak {l}}\) is unramified in \(K_\infty /K\).

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring and let \(M,N\) be finitely generated torsion \(A\)-modules. Let \(\Sigma =\{ {\mathfrak {q}}_1,\cdots ,{\mathfrak {q}}_r\} =\{ {\mathfrak {q}}\in {\mathrm{Supp}}(M)\cup {\mathrm{Supp}}(N)\mid {\mathrm{ht}}({\mathfrak {q}})=1\} \) (by Proposition 3.1 this is a finite set). Let \(S:=A\setminus \bigcup _{i=1}^r{\mathfrak {q}}_i\) which is a multiplicative subset of \(A\). Let \(f:M\to N\) be an \(A\)-module homomorphism. Then \(f\) is a pseudo-isomorphism if and only if \(S^{-1}f:S^{-1}M\to S^{-1}N\) is an isomorphism.

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring whose height one localizations are PID (Definition 3.9). Let \(M,N\) be finitely generated torsion \(A\)-modules. Then the followings are equivalent:

• There exists a pseudo-isomorphism \(M\to N\).

• For any height one prime \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(A\), we have \(M_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong N_{\mathfrak {p}}\).

In particular, if there exists a pseudo-isomorphism \(M\to N\), then there also exists a pseudo-isomorphism \(N\to M\).

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring whose height one localizations are PID (Definition 3.9). Let \(M\) be a finitely generated \(A\)-module, \(T\subset M\) be the torsion submodule. Then there exists a pseudo-isomorphism \(M\to T\oplus M/T\).

Let \(A\) be a ring, and let \(f(X)=\sum _{n=0}^\infty a_nX^n\in A[[X]]\) be a formal power series. Then \(f(X)\in A[[X]]^\times \) if and only if \(a_0\in A^\times \).

(Mathlib: PowerSeries.isUnit_iff_constantCoeff)

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring.

(i) A finitely generated \(A\)-module \(M\) is called a pseudo-null \(A\)-module, if \(M_{\mathfrak {p}}=0\) for all prime ideals \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(A\) of height \(\leq 1\).

(ii) An \(A\)-linear homomorphism \(f:M\to N\) between finitely generated \(A\)-modules is called a pseudo-isomorphism (pis for short), if its kernel and cokernel are pseudo-null \(A\)-modules.

(iii) Two finitely generated \(A\)-modules \(M,N\) are called pseudo-isomorphic (pis for short), denoted by \(M\sim _{\mathrm{pis}}N\) or simply \(M\sim N\), if there exists a pseudo-isomorphism from \(M\) to \(N\).

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring, \(M\), \(N\) be finitely generated torsion \(A\)-modules.

(i) If \(M\) is pseudo-null, then \(\operatorname{char}_A(M)=0\).

(ii) If \(M\sim N\), then \(\operatorname{char}_A(M)=\operatorname{char}_A(N)\).

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring, \(M\) be a finitely generated \(A\)-module.

(i) If \(A\) is of Krull dimension \(\leq 1\), then \(M\) is pseudo-null if and only if \(M=0\).

(ii) If \(A\) is of Krull dimension \(2\), is a local ring with finite residue field, then \(M\) is pseudo-null if and only if the cardinality of \(M\) is finite.

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian regular domain (more generally, a Noetherian integrally closed domain). Then height one localizations of \(A\) are PID (Definition 3.9).

A regular local ring is a UFD.

(We try to avoid this result since regular local ring is still WIP in mathlib.)

Let \(A\) be a semilocal ring, \(M\) be an \(A\)-module such that for any maximal ideal \({\mathfrak {m}}\) of \(A\), \(M_{\mathfrak {m}}\) is a finitely generated \(A_{\mathfrak {m}}\)-module. Then \(M\) is a finitely generated \(A\)-module.

Let \(A\) be a semilocal (i.e. only finitely many maximal ideals) integral domain, such that for every maximal ideal \({\mathfrak {p}}\) of \(A\), \(A_{\mathfrak {p}}\) is a PID. Then \(A\) itself is a PID.

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring, \(M\) be a finitely generated torsion \(A\)-module, \(a\in A\) such that \(M_{\mathfrak {p}}=0\) for all height one primes of \(A\) containing \(a\). Then the map \(a:M\xrightarrow {\times a}M\) is a pseudo-isomorphism.

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian ring whose height one localizations are PID (Definition 3.9). Let \(M\) be a finitely generated torsion \(A\)-module. Then there exist height one primes \({\mathfrak {p}}_1,\cdots ,{\mathfrak {p}}_s\) of \(A\) and positive integers \(k_1,\cdots ,k_s\), such that there exists a pseudo-isomorphism \(M\to \bigoplus _{i=1}^s A/{\mathfrak {p}}_i^{k_i}\). Moreover, the sequence \(({\mathfrak {p}}_i^{k_i})_{i=1}^s\) is unique up to ordering.

Let \(A\) be a Noetherian domain. Then \(A\) is a UFD if and only if every prime ideal of height \(1\) is principal (recall that a prime ideal \({\mathfrak {p}}\) is of height \(1\) if \({\mathfrak {p}}\neq 0\) and there is no prime ideal lies in between \(0\) and \({\mathfrak {p}}\)).

(We only need “\(\Rightarrow \)” in our project.)

Let \((A,{\mathfrak {m}},k)\) be a complete local ring, \(g(X)=\sum _{i=0}^\infty a_iX^i\in A[[X]]\setminus {\mathfrak {m}}[[X]]\) be a formal power series such that not all of its coefficients are in \({\mathfrak {m}}\). Let \(n\geq 0\) be the integer such that \(a_n\in A\setminus {\mathfrak {m}}=A^\times \) and \(a_i\in {\mathfrak {m}}\) for all \(0\leq i\leq n-1\). Then for any \(f\in A[[X]]\), there exists a unique formal power series \(q(X)\in A[[X]]\) and a unique polynomial \(r(X)\in A[X]\) of degree \(\leq n-1\) such that \(f=gq+r\).

Let \((A,{\mathfrak {m}},k)\) be a complete local ring. Let \(g(X)\in A[[X]]\setminus {\mathfrak {m}}[[X]]\) be a formal power series such that not all of its coefficients are in \({\mathfrak {m}}\). Then there is a unique distinguished polynomial \(f(X)\in A[X]\) and a unique invertible formal power series \(h(X)\in A[[X]]^\times \) such that \(g=fh\).

Each \(X_n\) has a natural \(\Gamma _n\)-action, and is a \({\mathbb {Z}}_p[\Gamma _n]\)-module. \(X_\infty \) has a natural \(\Gamma \)-action, and is a \(\Lambda \)-module.

There is a natural isomorphism \(X_\infty \xrightarrow {\sim }\varprojlim _n X_n\), \(\sigma \mapsto (\sigma |_{L_n})_{n\geq 0}\).

There is a canonical isomorphism \(X_n\cong A_n\).

The isomorphism \(X_n\cong A_n\) preserves \(\Gamma _n\)-action.

There exists a \(\Lambda \)-submodule \(Y\) of \(X_\infty \) of finite index, such that for all \(n\geq e\),

where

In particular, \(X_\infty \) is a finitely generated torsion \(\Lambda \)-module.

Suppose \(K_\infty /K\) is totally ramified (Definition 5.16). Then there exists a \(\Lambda \)-submodule \(Y\) of \(X_\infty \) of finite index, such that for all \(n\geq 0\),

where

In particular, \(X_\infty \) is a finitely generated torsion \(\Lambda \)-module.

For \(m\geq n\), the natural map \(X_m\to X_n\), \(\sigma \mapsto \sigma |_{L_n}\) corresponds to the norm map \(A_m\to A_n\) on ideal class groups.

For each \(n\geq 0\) let \(A_n:={\mathrm{Cl}}(K_n)(p)\) be the \(p\)-primary part of the class group \({\mathrm{Cl}}(K_n)\), viewed as a quotient of \({\mathrm{Cl}}(K_n)\).

Let \(K\) be a field, \(p\) be a prime.

(i) An extension \(K_\infty /K\) is called a \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension, if it is Galois with \(\Gamma ={\mathrm{Gal}}(K_\infty /K)\cong {\mathbb {Z}}_p\) as topological groups.

(ii) If \(K_\infty /K\) is a \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension, then for any \(n\geq 0\), define \(K_n:=K_\infty ^{\Gamma ^{p^n}}\).

Let \(L_\infty :=\bigcup _{n\geq 0}L_n\). Note that each \(L_n\) is Galois over \(K\), so \(L_\infty /K\) is also Galois. Let \(G={\mathrm{Gal}}(L_\infty /K)\) and \(X_\infty ={\mathrm{Gal}}(L_\infty /K_\infty )\).

For each \(n\geq 0\) let \(L_n\) be the maximal unramified abelian extension of \(K_n\) of exponent \(p\). Let \(X_n:={\mathrm{Gal}}(L_n/K_n)\).

A \({\mathbb {Z}}_p\)-extension \(K_\infty /K\) is called totally ramified, if all primes which are ramified in \(K_\infty /K\) are totally ramified. More explicitly, for any prime of \(K\), either it is unramified in \(K_n/K\) for all \(n\), or it is totally ramified in \(K_n/K\) for all \(n\).